A History Of Creatine And Its Usage For Health Purposes
Creatine is, and Always has Been, a Natural Component of Skeletal Muscle
Creatine is such an integral part of skeletal muscle that its name is derived from the Greek word for flesh, or kreas, from where it was originally isolated nearly one hundred and seventy years ago (1835). The man credited with this discovery was the French scientist and philosopher, Michel-Eugène Chevreul. Shortly afterwards (1847) the German scientist, Justus von Liebig, helped promote a commercially available extract of meat that he claimed would help the body perform extra work. And yes, the secret ingredient in Liebig's "Fleisch Extrakt" was creatine.
Nearly all (95%) of our total body creatine reserve is stored within our muscles. Here, creatine fuels the molecular machinery that generates force. And, as a significant portion of our daily creatine requirement is obtained by eating meats and fish (sources of skeletal muscle), dietary supplementation with synthetic creatine salts increases our physical performance. Expectedly, vegetarians typically possess lower than normal muscular creatine levels and consequently, respond quite robustly to creatine supplementation.
Creatine also plays an important role in the nervous system, where it provides the energy for proper nervous system functioning as well as for recovery from trauma and disease. Moreover, inherited conditions where cellular creatine levels are severely depressed inevitably give rise to neurodegenerative and muscular disorders. Because of creatine's broad physiological importance, creatine supplementation is currently being tested in clinical trials for many human diseases involving the body's nervous and muscular systems. In conclusion, if nothing else, this brief background should correct any misconceptions you might have had about creatine being something exotic to the human condition.
The modern day phenomenon of creatine supplementation simply takes a natural process to the next level by allowing an individual to take in more creatine than he/she could via a "normal" diet. In essence, what the athletic community was waiting for was an inexpensive way of mass-producing creatine in the laboratory for human consumption, a feat that definitively happened about ten years ago.
With the advent of efficient commercial synthesis creatine exploded onto the scene. In the year 2000 alone 2,500 metric tons (5.5 million pounds!) of creatine were sold worldwide while consumer demand did not appear to be waning. During the height of the Creatine Boom it seemed as if everyone was trying to get in on the action. Creatine manufacturers started appearing in some of the least expected regions of the world, as did the anticipated abuses. As a result, concern then arose that certain cheaper classes of synthetic creatine might be plagued with contaminants and impurities.
In the United States a legislative loophole facilitates the existence of this disturbing "byproduct" of creatine mass-production. Although justifiably, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies creatine as a dietary supplement, not a drug, and as such, supplement manufacturers are not held to the same Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as is the pharmaceutical industry. Consequently, it was suspected that some brands of creatine may have been inadvertently cross-contaminated with anabolic steroidal agents, giving rise to false positives in drug tests and causing some athletes to be banned from athletic competition as well as having their titles and/or fellowships/sponsorships withdrawn. Importantly, a mishap of this sort could prematurely end the career of a young athlete. Very fortunately, many previous producers of poor-quality creatine have since "cleaned-up their acts" and are now fabricating higher-grade creatine products. Overall, however, creatine supplementation is a relatively safe practice, if a person is in overall good health and if undertaken with moderation using only high-quality products.
Finally, with the increased usage of creatine in the athletic arena, many scientists followed suit by focusing their studies on understanding all consequences of creatine supplementation, good and bad. Creatine is clearly one of the best studied nutritional supplements of all time!